7) gave alacrity and optimism to educated society, whose members sensed they were living in a time different from their immediate past and who contemplated, often explicitly, their role in the course of history and the new present (Abulafia 2006 Jaeger 1994). This “Great Awakening” of Europe (Knowles 1962, Chap. While this established term might be historiographically restrictive (Jaeger 2003 see also Thomson 2002), the notion it covers (one cultural movement that unites scholars in different fields and geographical locations) is useful in that it brings under one umbrella a number of related historical events, such as monastic reform, establishment of universities, birth of scholasticism, revival of jurisprudence, and the introduction of Greek and Arabic philosophy. "While the medieval manuscript underwent over a thousand years of development by the hands of a variety of cultures, one particular age stands out in that it arguably introduced more innovations than any other: the period 1075-1225, also referred to as the “Twelfth-Century Renaissance” (Benson and Constable 1991 Haskins 1927 Swanson 1999). Erik Kwakkel, "Manuscript innovation in the twelfth-century renaissance," selected quotations regarding purposes and goals from a 2014 posting. ![]() ![]() From the website of the Leiden University VIDI Project coordinated by Dr.
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